Innovation and Change

Development and Change Development and Change - P G Essay Business Innovation and Creativity Delegate and Gamble (P and G) was built up in Cincinnati in 1837 by William Proctor and James Gamble fabricating Soap and Candles. The accomplices developed the business from solidarity to quality through keen advancements, with the assistance of progressive ages then through none family the board to make the $70 billion undertaking. P and G is where development streams all through each segment both inside and remotely, from providers to wholesalers. The systems and coalitions which have been made consider channels of correspondence to be access easily permitting plans to be recognized and trailed †the soul of advancement. The development and imagination practice happens, and is correspondingly debilitated by two deciding variables: the inward and outside condition. Inner Inner elements inside an association, for example, P and G, can cultivate the inventive drive of advancement yet in like manner can be its own destruction. The Seven Virtues of overseeing innovativeness assesses the territories where thoughts can be assisted upon consequently guaranteeing the association keeps on being creative. Culture Governmental issues Learning Age of thoughts Occupation direction Engineering Change Outer The authors of the organization have consistently demonstrated activity by suppling the necessities of the ordinary customer from at an early stage when the undertaking was set up. The main incredible forward leap for the organization was during the American Civil War in 1862, when the Union Armies gotten the pair to fabricate a cleanser which was little enough for warriors to convey wherever yet dependable. The ground breaking cousins, James Norris Gamble and William Alexander Procter (children of the originators) bought a wonderful measure of rosin (basic in the cleanser making process) before the war. The buy stood the organization in incredible stead against its adversaries, as provisions ran short P

Collegeboard SAT Essay Practice - Improve Your Writing Skills

Collegeboard SAT Essay Practice - Improve Your Writing SkillsCollegeboard SAT essay promt and samples to help students in the preparation of their SAT essay. Collegeboard is the authorized distributor of SAT essay practice material, which contains lots of sample essays. Collegeboard is the leading online resource for teachers and students of the SAT subject test.Essay writing is a difficult task for a student. It requires meticulous planning and execution. Proper essay writing is not an easy task for any student, especially if he or she has not practiced the process. A student with good essay writing skills would be a superb candidate for any SAT subject test.Essay writing is a great way to improve your personality. Writing your own essays is a confidence booster. Students who have excellent writing skills are more likely to pass the SAT subject test than those who do not have good writing skills. A student with good SAT essay skills is seen as a leader and capable of doing his homew ork and master the complex subject matter.With the help of SAT essay promt and samples, you can improve your writing skills and your motivation. You can try the practice test that is provided by Collegeboard. This type of essay writing guide is superb means to help you with the assignment of essay.The practice test is a good tool to help with the preparation of the essay. Most of the students use this to brush up their skills in writing. Collegeboard SAT essay materials will help you with the composition section of the SAT exam.This guide is helpful for students who take the SAT. Collegeboard SAT essay tests are very beneficial to you. Reading the samples of the sample essays will help you in making a better and successful study guide.Most people today are studying harder than ever. Students who work hard are given scholarships. Collegeboard SAT essay practice can help you with your writing skills. With the help of the practice exams, you can make your essays better.The essays that you write will determine how well you will do on the examination. With the help of this guide, you can improve your writing skills and motivate yourself to write essays. With the help of Collegeboard SAT essay supplies, you can improve your writing skills and do your homework in school.

Biology of Cloning :: essays research papers

Cloning: the way toward replicating one’s DNA to make an indistinguishable life form through nonsexual methods. To Clone a human there are 5 Steps. 1. First you have to get a grown-up human female and Isolate the core from a physical (non-conceptive) cell. The total hereditary material of the creature is in the core. To get the cell cores this progression is rehashed commonly. An extremely little needle and syringe (attractions gadget) is utilized to jab through the phone film to catch the core and expel it from the phone. 2. From a female, recover unfertilized egg cells (conceptive). Since not every one of them will endure the different strides of cloning numerous eggs are required. 3. Evacuate the egg cell's core, one-portion of the human hereditary material. To jab through the phone film to catch the core and expel it from the phone a little needle and syringe (pull gadget) is utilized. 4. Into the egg cell that has no atomic material, embed the core, with its total hereditary material, disconnected from the giver well evolved creature in Step 1. Presently contains all characteristics from the contributor grown-up is the egg's hereditary material. This egg is currently hereditarily indistinguishable from the first giver grown-up. 5. Into a female's belly the egg is set. The eggs that develop in a woman’s stomach are of an extremely little rate. Before long the eggs that endure will form into incipient organisms. The egg develops in the belly. At that point, when the child is conceived, it is hereditarily indistinguishable (a clone) to the benefactor human. Possibly in support of there has been a great deal of debate whether we should clone individuals or not, in my own I figure we should. We could free the general public of intellectually, truly impeded individuals, free it of incapacitates for people in the future, we can get progressively keen DNA and make an age of prevalent people, subsequently expanding our insight and making the race more intelligent.

I Am Happy For What I Have Achieved As A Writer - 968 Words

Preface Usually the happy ending comes on the last page; however, I am so happy that I couldn’t save that happiness for the end. I am happy for what I have achieved as a writer. Now that I am living in the after moment, I fully enjoy and appreciate the academic success I have earned. Couple of years ago, if someone asked me to write some fifty pages on any topic, I wouldn’t even think that was possible. During my two-year study in the United States, I have gone through many stages, all challenging, yet downright useful to my academic and personal life. I must admit that I had a zero impulse to write, but I was lucky to meet and work with real world-class writers who inspired me and helped me to be a good writer. Despite busy schedules and stressful mind, I took up the challenges and rode the tide. I always kept a notepad or journal beside my bed to write down my thoughts and memories that appeared in the middle of night. I would get them down on paper and reviewed back in the m orning. In those days, the morning for me started at 11:00am as I usually stayed awake the whole night to read, write and, of course, worryingly check news back home. While my brave fellow citizens, Peshmerga, fight the ISIL in the frontlines, I feel I fight psychologically side by side Peshmerga with my singular vigor through pen and paper. I didn’t find a better time to write than past 10:00pm after my two gorgeous and mischievous daughters go to bed. I then enjoyed the calm of the night where allShow MoreRelatedThe Ranger s Appearance, And It s Written By John Flanagan931 Words   |  4 PagesAs far back as I can remember, I have always struggled with writing my thoughts down on a paper. Truth is, as a senior, I still face many challenges in writing my thoughts down on a piece of paper. But throughout the many essays I have written, my grammar and sentence structure began to improve and I was capable of writing simple thoughts down. The more I have read, the better my rea ding had improved, and the faster I could analyze. One of the many books that I have learned many lessons from is aRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Is The Founding Document Of American History1362 Words   |  6 Pagesand the conclusion. The writers of this document are able to pass their message across through the use of language and rhetoric devises. Under language, the diction or word choice, sentence structure or syntax and figurative language is used. Imagery is used in the first paragraph where the image of colonists throwing off the bands with which they have been connected to their mother country is drawn. A reader can see the detachment taking place. What the writers mean here is that the lawsRead MoreHappy Man Analysis1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe text under interpretation is The Happy Man by William Somerset Maugham. First some information about the author. W. S. Maugham was a well-known English playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was the son of a British diplomat. He was educated at Kings school in Canterbury, studied painting in Paris, went to Heidelberg University in Germany and studied to be a doctor at St.Thomas Hospital in England. So, he put his hand in different activities and thats why he is a versatile andRead MoreRomanticism: Blake and Keats1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthe belief in symbolism and the supernatural. In William Blake’s â€Å"The Fly† and John Keats’s â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be†, both poem can be classified as elegies as it dealt with the subject of death. It was by no coincidence that both poets work were influenced by the death of their own beloved brothers although it happened under different circumstances. However, both the writers approach the subject of death in a different way. In â€Å"The Fly†, Blake discussed the theme of natureRead More Zora Neale Hurston and Racial Equality Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pageswhites what they want to hear and not dealing with racism. While Hurston did receive recognition during her life, she died forgotten and wasnt considered one of Americas greatest writers until recently. Why did luminaries such as Richard Wright and Langston Hughes deny her worth? And how do we know they were wrong?    Hurston once told Nick Ford I have ceased to think in terms of race; I think only in terms of individuals. I am interested in you now not as a Negro man but as a man. I am notRead MorePersonal Narrative: My Journey to Literacy Essays829 Words   |  4 Pagesovercoming a myriad of obstacles distinguishes my literacy history. Writing was one of the things I didn’t like to do as a child. I always thought writing was a waste of time and that I wasn’t going to need it in life. Even though I didn’t invest much time writing, I was one of the best writers in all my classes, probably because I was very dedicated in the other subjects and I loved reading adventure books. I learned how to read and write by the age of four, since in my native country â€Å"the Dominican Republic†Read MoreIn My Creative Nonfiction Genre Proposal, I Stated That,1571 Words   |  7 Pagesmy creative nonfiction genre proposal, I stated that, â€Å"my [creative writing project s] focus will be literary essays that address humanity’s universal desire for a sense of identity and belonging; these essays will be written from a personal perspective, containing anecdotes, internal conflicts, and external opinions† (1). A little over ten weeks later, I believe I have achieved this goal in my final draft because of the stylistic approaches and revisions I made with the help of the Creative WritingRead MoreA Social Group887 Words   |  4 PagesIn life, we all play different roles. I am a daughter, niece, friend, student, employee and artist. The definition of a social group is two or more people who interact on a regular basis in routine ways and who share a common sense of membership and identity. A social group example would be classmates in one section of a class and an example of an aggregate would be New Yorkers riding the subway together. An aggregate is not a group but a collection of people who briefly share the same physical spaceRead MoreReflection Paper On Politics1074 Words   |  5 Pages Reflecting about what I think and talk about most often, usually consists of politics and my future. I often think and talk about politics because I want others to be aware of the pressing issues in society, I am concerned about politics and I have a desire to learn about what shapes my political beliefs. As a political science major, I discuss politics with pretty much anyone who wants to listen because it is important for everyone to have a basic understanding about government and the issues inRead MoreWilliam Golding1565 Words   |  7 PagesCornwall, England and joined the British Royal Navy at the age of thirty-nine. Consequently, he was in World War II and witnessed the D-Day invasion at Normandy, which destroyed his optimism and scarred him for life. William Golding was a well achieved and admired person in British literature, and his life experiences, including WWII, greatly influenced his works especially Lord Of The Flies. Golding had a very fascinating life. He was born to Alec and Mildred Golding on September 19, 1911 in

The Best Fit - 890 Words

The Best Fit Aristotle one of the best philosopher in the third century BCE explained what a virtuous act was and how we could get it. Immanuel Kant was one of the best philosophers in the 17th century, and created the Categorical Imperative, and John Stuart Mill was one of the best philosopher on the 18th century, and created The Utilitarianism ethical system, but which one made the best moral theory that best fits our culture and community? As we have seen in Chapter 7, ethics differs from culture to culture. In our culture we developed ourselves wanting materials and adventures that gives us pleasure and happiness. The ethical systems that makes the greatest amount of happiness is the Utilitarian System, and it is the theory that best fits my culture, however we have a combination of the Deontological system in order to keep laws and peace from falling apart. Aristotle one of the best philosopher in our history developed a moral system in which brings virtue, and it tells us what the best type of act we can do. According to Aristotle, â€Å"The virtuous act is the mean between two extremes, which are vices; for example courage is the mean between rashness and cowardice† (Cahn 135). This means that we should have control of our emotions, and think how we are going to act, then we will be making a virtuous act. When a person acts with courage he will become virtuous because he practiced being courageous. He will become what he practices. However Aristotle’s system does notShow MoreRelatedHrm- Best Fit and Best Practice1792 Words   |  8 Pagesconcepts the most important concepts being used nowdays in Human resource management areâ€Å"Best Practiceâ€Å" and â€Å"Best Fitâ€Å". There is a big increase on the debate between Best practice and Best fit, as to whether they general concept of Best practice is benificial to every organization and similarly the same for the concept of Best fit. Best practice suggests certain types of practices are universal ly successfull while Best fit acknowledges the relevent impact of contextual factors. Further below we will lookRead Morebest fit and best practice in HRM3167 Words   |  13 Pagesall Japanese manufactures to capture western market. The theoretical approach of human resource management now taking consideration in context of taking competitive advantage of organization this led to how an organization use their technical and best human resources to compete the current market scenario. Faculty and alumni of Harvard business school first proposed the model of HRM which was known as the Harvard Model of HRM. This was first time then intellectual think to consider HRM for managementRead MoreBest Fit vs Best Practice Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to its proponents, the ‘best practice’ school of thought is the route to organizational success. If that is the case, why is ‘best practice’ not standard HR practice within all organizations? Proper management of human resources is a critical variable affecting an organization’s growth, competitiveness, productivity, profitability, and survival. The core strength of any organization lies in its human resources because it involves a ll management decisions and practices that directly affectRead MoreCollege Is The Best Fit For College Essay1838 Words   |  8 Pagesdirect lecture from their professors. Tuition rates might sway a student’s decision when choosing a particular college. With the amount of post-secondary institutions in Florida, students may feel overwhelmed when figuring out which college is the best fit for them. In Miami, Florida, public and private colleges share similarities and differences related to their financial assistance, tuition, acceptance rate, and size class. When it comes to financial assistance for college, there are multiple waysRead MoreContingency Approach : The Best Fit Model1370 Words   |  6 PagesContingency Approach (The best fit model) The contingency approach to SHRM practice seeks to align people management practices with competitive business strategies to generate increased performance (Miles and Snow 1978). HRM practices that are not consistent with business strategies and are in conflict with other HRM practices, create confusion or ambiguity which may lead to decreased performance for the individual and the organisation (Schuler and Jackson, 1987; Schuler, 1989). Forbrum et alRead MoreWhat Career Is Best Fit For Me918 Words   |  4 Pagesworld , those lyrics from Prince perfectly defines the meanings of life. The happiness, the struggles, and the discovery of why we are here on this earth. It has been two months so far since graduation, and I am still discovering what career is best fit for me. Lately, I have been job-hunting almost everyday and it is exhausting, but I remain confident. I do plan on going back to school to earn my Masters as soon as I figure out what I want to do ,but lately I have been looking for stable jobs inRead MoreInvestigating The Best Market Fit For The Product2082 Words   |  9 Pagesthe potential internalisation of Vitel Water’s prill beads into either the Vanuatu or Kiribati markets. Clean drinking water is scarce in both nations but they offer different advantages and risks. The purpose of this report is to assess the best market fit for the product. Company: The Company supplying the product is Vitel Water (Vitel). Vitel sell water purification sets using a product called Vitel Water Beads, or prill beads. Vitel is a family owned and run business operating out of MortonRead MoreThe Best Fit Who Will Promote The New Shoes Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pageshired by Nike Corporation to choose the celebrity who will endorse their new Nike tennis shoes, I collected all the important information as well as conducted the survey to make a right recommendation. So, the purpose of this document is to find the best fit who will promote the new shoes. The document will give you the information about the history and background of the celebrity. Also, it will provide with the survey that was mainly focused on figuring out if our choice was right and if the other peopleRead MoreWhy College Is The Best Fit And The Benefits Of College965 Words   |  4 Pagespeople from the world and learn about them and how their world has shaped their live and the circu mstances that led them into college. In the article, Is College Worth It? Clearly, New Data Says, by David Landoldt, he states reasons why college is the best fit and the benefits that college offers to its graduates. He briefly talks about the financial support that college graduates receive after college and connects it to individuals who have not received a degree. In the article, Why college isn’t forRead MoreHigh Graduation Rate Is The Best Fit For Me1430 Words   |  6 PagesAnother action step I need to engage in, is finding graduate schools in North Carolina that will be the best fit for me. There are currently four fully accredited occupational therapy programs in North Carolina. Although I am not picky about the city the school is in, I would like for the school to be surrounding a larger population. I believe there will be more job opportunities in bigger cities that will allow me to advance in my career. The school needs to have a high graduation rate, and upon

Aileen Wuornos Essay - 553 Words

You’d be hard pressed to find one in a crowd. The average serial killer generally blends in with everyone else (Directory Journal, 2010). In fact, most are soft-spoken and even polite. Their monstrous nature only comes through when you dig deeper into their personalities, actions, and habits. Most seem to have come from dysfunctional family settings and were emotionally, sexually, or even verbally abused as children (Directory Journal, 2010). It is almost as if this background activates some psychological trigger that increases their feelings of inadequacy or worthlessness that led them to seek out their own heinous form of release. Often considered America’s first female serial killer, Aileen Wuornos was neither first nor the worst.†¦show more content†¦By age 10, Wuornos and her brother began experimenting sexually with each other and by 14, she was pregnant and initially claimed her brother was the father but would later state that she had been raped by an older man from her neighborhood (Biography.com, 2010). She gave the baby up for adoption and then left home to hitchhike across America to work as a prostitute. She would spend the next twenty years trying to find a place to call home as her life spiraled out of control even more (Biography.com, 2010). By 1976 she would find herself in and out of trouble with the law. Settling in Daytona Beach, Fl., she would find herself working the exit ramps up and down the Florida freeways taking customers wherever she could. She would eventually meet and fall in love with young waitress named Tyria Moore. They would stay together for a few years, barely getting by on Wuornos’ meager income from prostitution. Finding times tough, she and Moore would decide it would be necessary to rob her johns and then shot them to make ends meet (Biography.com, 2010). In December1989, the body of Richard Mallory would be found near Daytona Beach(Biography.com, 2010). He had been shot three times. Six months later, another man was found sot six times with the same gun. Before this body could be identified, a third victim was found. By November 1990, four more menShow MoreRelatedAileen Wuornos - Essay5419 Words   |  22 PagesAileen Wuornos Criminal Justice 1010 Introduction to Criminal Justice Mrs. Amanda Gentle Sarah Dean December 7, 2009 Riding the Pale Horse of Death, Aileen Wuornos murdered seven men over a nineteen-month period from December 1989 until November 1990, along highways in the state of Florida. While working as a prostitute, Aileen would solicit her victims then murder them. Wuornos confessed to committing seven murders. Aileen Wuornos was found guilty and convicted of six murders. Aileen receivedRead MoreAileen Wuornos Essay3375 Words   |  14 PagesAileen Carol Wuornos: The Life of a Serial Killer â€Å"I robbed them, and I killed them as cold as ice, and I would do it again, and I know I would kill another person because Ive hated humans for a long time.† (Wuornos, 1999-2010) These words came from Aileen Wuornos after she was arrested for the murders of seven men during the course of a year. She faced numerous adversities from early childhood through adulthood. She displayed many psychological warning signs, but none was attended too regardlessRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Aileen Wuornos:. A Women Serial Killer1954 Words   |  8 PagesThe Secret life of Aileen Wuornos: A Women Serial Killer A basic serial killer is a murderer of two or more victims at different times. There are several types of serial killers. The wildest category would be the Thrill- seekers. Thrill-seekers are known for being fearless of danger, having no remorse for their murders, irrational attitude, and impulsive behavior. They seem to enjoy the adrenaline rush they get when they kill and gain pleasure from doing it. The victims are usually strangersRead MoreThe Case Of Serial Killer Aileen Wuornos1145 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In discussion of the case of serial killer Aileen Wuornos, the attachment and life course theories can be applied. Ms. Wuornos was neglected and abused by her guardians multiple times, which led her to a life of criminal activity. She began with small-scale crimes at an early age and eventually escalated to murder. This paper explores how the attachment theory played a major part in the life (and death) of a serial killer and how many lives could have been saved had Aileen’s circumstancesRead MoreEssay on Psychological Look at Aileen Wuornos1224 Words   |  5 PagesProfile: Aileen Wuornos Nature vs. Nurture: Aileen was born in 1956 to her 16 year old mother. She was not born with any physical or mental disabilities. At the time of her birth her father was incarcerated for child molestation and he was also believed to be a schizophrenic, he hung himself in jail and Aileen never met him. When Aileen was 3 years old her mother abandoned her and her 4 year old brother and left them with her own parents who legally adopted them. The family struggled economicallyRead MoreEssay on Aileen Wuornos2768 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Hannah Velez FLM 400 Final Paper Aileen Wuornos: The Dark Tale of One Woman’s Descent into Infamy When did it all begin? Technically, Aileen became a murderer on December 1, 1989 when 51-year-old electrics shop owner Richard Mallory picked her up on I-75 (8) and together they drove off into the woods to meet an uncertain fate. But when did the murderous creature that is Aileen Wuornos come to be? She began prostituting herself as age 9 (5), without so much as an assault charge related to herRead MoreAileen Wuornos1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life and Death of Aileen Wuornos De’Serra Whitfield Troy University Abstract This research looks at the life and death of Aileen Wuornos, serial killer. A serial killer is someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval. Serial killers have the ability to behave in a manner that arouses no suspicion. There are, however, a few signs to identify their potential to become a serial killer. People who suffers from psychopathy, involves a huge tendencyRead MoreAileen Wuornos Case Analysis1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe following criminal analysis shows why Aileen Wuornos was convicted for the murder of six men and what lead up to these actions. These actions were not in self-defense, but out of cold blood. This profile will analyze the following: what lead up to the murder of these men, what Wuornos’s intents were, the evidence and patterns, her personality and characteristics, and her behavior. These facts and evidence will show Wuornos’s intent and motive, and whether or not she was insane. This woman wasRead MoreLife And Death Of A Serial Killer1092 Words   |  5 Pagesviewing the film â€Å"Life and Death of a Serial Killer† starring one of America’s first female serial killers, Aileen Wuornos; I began to wonder why do individuals become serial killers? What is so special about committing murders and what causes the urge, thrill and the desire to kill? What exactly is the reason behind it all? These questions constantly cross my mind. After learning about Aileen Wuornos childhood, I concluded that her upbringing was one factor that drove her to become a serial killer. Read MoreThe First American Female Serial Killer3507 Words   |  15 Pagesperson I am going to analyse in this assignment is Aileen ‘Lee’ Carol Wuornos who was considered to be the first American female serial killer (Anon., 2015). Wuornos was born on February 29th 1956 in Rochester Michigan (Anon., 2015). Her father, Leo Dale Pittman was an alleged child molester and her mother Diane Wuornos was a teen mother who was not capable of taking up the responsibilities that came about with being a mother (Anon., 2015). Wuornos’ mother abandoned both her and her brother when they

Consumers as Individuals free essay sample

The self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Components of the self-concept It is composed of many attributes, some of which are given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept can be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attractiveness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i. e. elf-esteem), intensity, stability over time and accuracy (that is, the degree to which one’s self-assessment corresponds to reality). Self-esteem Self-esteem refers to the positivity of a person’s self-concept. People with low self-esteem do not expect that they will perform very well, and they will try to avoid embarrassment, failure or rejection. People with high self-esteem expect to be successful,, will take more risks and are more willing to be the centre of attention. Self-esteem is often related to acceptance by others. Marketing communications can influence a consumer’s level of self-esteem. Exposure to ads can trigger a process of social comparison, where the person tries to evaluate their self by comparing it to the people in these artificial images. Real and ideal selves Self-esteem is influenced by a process where the consumer compares their actual standing on some attribute to some ideal. The ideal self is a person’s conception of how they would like to be, while the actual self refers to our more realistic appraisal of the qualities we have or lack. And we often engage in a process of impression management where we work hard to ‘manage’ what others think of us by strategically choosing clothing and other cues that will put us in a good light. The ideal self is partly moulded by elements of the consumer’s culture, such as heroes or people depicted in advertising who serve as models of achievement or apprearance. Products may be purchased because they are believed to be instrumental in helping us achieve these goals. Some products are chosen because they are reaching the standard set by the ideal self. Multiple selves We have as many selves as we do different social roles. Depending on the situation, we act differently, use different products and services, and we even vary in terms of how much we like ourselves. A person may require a different set of products to play a desired role. The self can be thought of as having different components, or role identities, and only some of these are active at any given time. Symbolic interactionism If each person potentially has many social selves, how does each develop and how do we decide which self to ‘activate’ at any point in time? The sociological tradition of symbolic interactionism stresses that relationships with other people play a large part in forming the self. This perspective maintains that people exist in a symbolic environment, and the meaning attached to any situation or object is determined by the interpretation of these symbols. Like other social objects, the meanings of consumers themselves are defined b social consensus. The consumer interprets their own identity, and this assessment is continually evolving as they encounter new situations and people. The looking-glass self When you choose an article of clothing, the mirror superimposes it on your reflection so that you can see how it would look on you. This process of imagining the reactions of others towards us is known as ‘taking the role of the other’, or the looking-glass self. According to this view, our desire to define ourselves operates as a sort of psychological sonar, we take readings of our own identify by ‘bouncing’ signals off others and trying to project what impression they have of us. Self-conciousness There are times when people seem to be painfully aware of themselves. If you have ever walked into a class in the middle of a lecture and noticed that all eyes were on you, you can understand this feeling of self-conciousness. Some people seem in general to be more sensitive to the image they communicate to others. A heightened concern about he nature of one’s public ‘image’ also results in more concern about the social appropriateness of products and consumption activities. Several measures have been devised to measure this tendency. Consumers who score high on a scale of public self-conciousness, for example, are also more interested in clothing and are heavier users of cosmetic. A similar measure is self-monitoring. High self-monitors are more attuned to how they present themselves in their social environments, and their product choices are influenced by their estimates of how these items will be perceived by others. High self-monitors are more likely than low self-monitors to evaluate products consumed in public in terms of the impressions they make on others. Products that shape the self: you are what you consume Recall that the reflected self helps to shape self-concept, which implies hat people see themselves as they imagine others see them. People use an individual’s consumption behaviours to help them make judgements about that person’s social identity. A consumer exhibits attachment to an object to the extent that it is used by that person to maintain their self-concept. Objects can act as a sort of security blanket by reinforcing our identities, especially in unfamiliar situations. Symbolic self-completion theory predicts that people who have an incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it. Self/product congruence Because many consumption activities are related to self-definition, it is not surprising to learn that consumers demonstrate consistency between their values and the things they buy. Self-image congruence models predict that products will be chosen when their attributes match some aspect of the self. These models assume a process of cognitive matching between these attributes and the consumer’s self-image. Research tends to support the idea of congruence between product usage and self-image. Congruity has also been found between consumers and their most preferred brands of beer, soap, toothpaste and cigarettes relative to their least preferred brands, as well as between consumers’ self-images and their favourite shops. Some specific attributes that have been found to be useful in describing some of the matches between consumers and products include rugged/delicate, excitable/calm,†¦. The extended self. Many of the props and settings consumers use to define their social roles in a sense become a part of their selves. Those external objects that we consider a part of us comprise the extended self. Many material objects, ranging from personal possessions and pets to national monuments or landmarks, help to form a consumer’s identity. Four levels of the extended self were described. These range from very personal objects to places and things that allow people to feel like they are rooted in their larger social environments. †¢ Individual level. Consumers include many of their personal possessions in self-definition. These products can include jewellery, cars, clothing and so on. The saying ‘You are what you wear’ reflects the belief that one’s things are a part of what one is. †¢ Family level. This part of the extended self includes a consumer’s residence and its furnishings. The house can be thought of as a symbolic body for the family and often is a central aspect of identity. †¢ Community level. It is common for consumers to describe themselves in terms of the neighbourhood or town from which they come. †¢ Group level. Our attachments to certain social groups can be considered a part of self. A consumer may feel that landmarks, monuments or sports teams are a part of the extended self. Sexual identity is a very important component of a consumer’s self-concept. People often conform to their culture’s expectations about how those of their gender should act, dress, speak and so on. To the extent that our culture is everything that we learn, then virtually all aspects of the consumption process must be affected by culture. Gender differences in socialization A society’s assumptions about the proper roles of men and women are communicated in terms of the ideal behaviours that are stressed for each sex (in advertising, among other places). Gender goals and expectations In many societies, males are controlled by agentic goals, which stress self-assertion and mastery. Females, on the other hand, are taught to value communal goals such as affiliation and the fostering of harmonious relations. Every society creates a set of expectations regarding the behaviours appropriate for men and women, and finds ways to communicate these priorities. Gender vs. sexual identity Sex role identity is a state of mind as well as body. A person’s biological gender does not totally determine whether they will exhibit sex-typed traits, or characteristics that are stereotypically associated with one sex or the other. A consumer’s subjective feelings about their sexuality are crucial as well.

Human Development Adolescence as the Most Important Age Range

Report on UBL Essays

Report on UBL Essays Report on UBL Essay Report on UBL Essay Executive Summary UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving its customers throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. In this 8 weeks internship program I have worked in Regional Credit Administration Departments (MIS section, Processing section, Documentation section) of this high class bank of Pakistan where I have learned about banking from experienced managers running these sections. During my internship I have found that in banking sector concentration and consistency is of utmost importance. Your little mistake can create a big problem. I have been worked in credit administration department for eight weeks, two weeks in Processing section, two weeks in Documentation section and four weeks in MIS section. This report contains the information and learning about UBL that I learnt during the 8 weeks internship period in United Bank limited. This report deals with Credit Administration Department in which I worked. Recognizing the need of Islamic banking, UBL also provided number of Islamic banking services like Islamic Deposit Schemes and Islamic Fund Based Facilities. At the end of the report, on basis of my observation during internship, financial analysis and SWOT analysis of UBL is provided. Suggestions are also recommended as per learning from analysis. This report will provide a better and brief learning about United Bank Limited. Background of Organization [pic] History of Banking â€Å"Bank is a pipeline through which currency moves into and out of circulation. Bank accepts deposits and repays cash to its customers on their demand. The Bank borrows money at a lesser rate of interest and lends it to the borrowers at a higher rate. It is thus a profit-lending concern. Bank cannot lend all the money that has been deposited with it. It has to keep a certain portion of the total deposits in cash with them in order to meet the cash requirements of the individuals and business concern. Banki ng History Word Bank is said to be derived from the words Banc us or Banque or Bank. The history of banking is traced to as early as 2000 BC. The priests in Greece used to keep money and valuables of the people in temples. These priests thus acted as financial agents. The origin of banking is also traced to early goldsmiths. They used to keep strong safes for storing the money and valuables of the people. The persons who had surplus money found it safe and convenient to deposit their valuables with them. The FIRST STAGE in the development of modern banking, thus, was the accepting of deposits of cash from those persons who had surplus money with them. The goldsmiths used to issue receipts for the money deposited with them. These receipts began to pass from hand to hand in settlement of transactions because people had confidence in the integrity and solvency of goldsmiths. When it was found that these receipts were drawn in such a way that it entitles any holder to claim the specified amount of money from goldsmiths. A depositor who is to make the payments may now get the money in cash from goldsmiths or pay over the receipt to the creditor. These receipts were the earlier bank notes. The SECOND STAGE in development of banking thus was the issue of bank notes. The goldsmiths soon discovered that all the people who had deposited money with them did not come to withdraw their funds in cash. They found that only a few persons presented the receipt for encashment during a given period of time. They also found that most of the money deposited with was lying idle. At the same time, they found that they were being constantly requested for loan on good security. They thought it profitable to lend at least some of the money deposited with them too the needy persons. This proved quite a profitable business for the goldsmiths. They instead of charging interest from the depositors began to give them interest on the money deposited with them. This was the THIRD STAGE, in the development of banking. By experience the banks came to know that they could keep a small proportion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money actually standing to their credit. In Economics terminology we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. This was the FOURTH STAGE, in development of banking. When every bank issues receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft facilities, there was then too much confusion in the banking system. The banks in order to earn profits could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash. The failures on the part of the bankers to return money caused widespread distress among the peoples. In order to create confidence among the people, steps were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was held in Nuremberg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state, which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first central bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was established in 1694. The responsibility of issuing of notes is now entrusted to a central bank of each country. Commercial Banking in Pakistan At the time of partition total numbers of Banks were 38 only. Out of these Banks the Pakistani Banks were only 2, Indian Banks 29 Exchange Banks were 7. The total of deposits of Pakistani Banks was Rs. 880 Million. advances were Rs: 198 Million. According to banking companies ordinance Banks are the companies, which transacts the business of Banking in Pakistan. Commercial Banks have constituted the most important part of the intuitional credit in the economy of Pakistan. Being the largest source of credits, Banking Industry is a pivot of whole the economic activities in Pakistan. Section 37(2A) of State Bank of Pakistan Act 1965 lays down that the Banks must have paid-up capital reserve of not less then Rs: 5 Lac fulfilling certain other requirements for declaring as â€Å"Scheduled Bank†. At the time of independence Bank services was badly affected. But with the passage of time these are improving. The government of Pakistan nationalized all Banks in early 1974. This act was done to minimize control of few hands over banking. But this step was proved e futile for the Banking in Pakistan. So the Govt. had to revise its decision in1990. Two Banks (Allied Bank Of Pakistan Limited Muslim commercial Bank Of Pakistan Limited have been denationalized. Since then Banks were working well. Now slogan of the Banks is to serve their customers in the best possible manner. Professor Berton: â€Å"Banks are the guardian distributor of money â€Å". Similarly we can say that it is a pipeline thorough which currency moves into outside the circle. Banks accept deposited of money and repay it on demand. Bank borrows money at lesser rate of interest lends it at higher rate of interest. In this way Banks earn money. Bank do not lend all money they collect, they keep certain portion of it as reserve to meet the uncertain demand of the customer. [pic] Functions of a Commercial Bank In general terms the functions of a commercial bank can be classified under the following main heads. Accepting Deposits Some people have excess money and they want to deposits it to some honest man or an institution which can give them some profit. So the first function of commercial bank is to receive deposit there are three types of deposits. Demand Deposits or Current Deposits Some people deposit their excess money in the current accounts and they can withdraw their money deposited in this account at any time during the banking hours, so bank is not ready to give interest on it Fixed Deposits These deposits are fixed for a particular period. Commercial banks also pay an interest on these accounts. An important thing related to it is the varying interest rates for the different period deposits. Interest rate increases with the increase in the fixed deposit period. Saving Deposits To create the habit of savings, bank accepts the saving deposits and pays an interest on these deposits. And this rate of interest is greater than the demand deposits. Advancing Loans Bank also advances the loans to the merchants and charges the interest. It is the major source of its income. It also issues the loan for short term, medium term and for long term. And bank receives the higher interest from the borrower for the long term loans offered. Discounting of Bill Commercial banks also discount the bills and facilitate the business; for example one businessman purchases anything from another person and promises to pay after one month. The seller will write a bill to the buyer and there will be an order that after one month the buyer will pay the amount to the seller. Buyer will sign on the bill. In other words buyer will accept the responsibility of that amount. If seller is in need of money, he will take it to the bank and will receive the money by discounting the bills. The commercial bank also may rediscount it from the central bank. Cheap Medium of Exchange By issuing cheques and drafts bank provides cheap, medium of exchange. Transfer of Money The commercial bank is very helpful in transferring the money from one place to another by issuing the drafts. This is very popular concept in the modern world and widely used in the business community. Custodian of Precious Articles Banks also provide lockers for the safety of precious articles. So now everyone can secure his precious metals like gold, silver, etc. , and bank charges a very nominal charge for this facility. Agency Services Commercial Banks also perform the duty of an agent. It collects and pays on the behalf of the customers. Investment On behalf of the customers all the banks also make an investment in different companies and industries. And banks receive nominal charge from the customers. Creation of Credit It also creates and extends the volume of credit. Facilitating Trade Activities It also provides the finance to the foreign trade. Letter of credits are issued by the commercial banks for the foreign payments. Purchase and Sale of Securities The commercial bank purchases and sells the securities, for itself and sometimes on the behalf of the costumes. Acting as a Trustee If a client directs his bank to act as a trustee in the administration of a business, the bank performs this responsibility. Role of Commercial Bank in the Economic Development of Pakistan Banks play an important role in the economic development of country. If our Banking system is not in accordance to the economic requirement then how it can play a vital role in our developments. The State Bank of Pakistan is at the apex and all the commercial Banks have to follow the rules of State Bank of Pakistan. Role of the banking sector can be judged by the following facts: Saving Mobilization The commercial Banks namely United Bank Limited Pakistan, Habi Bank Ltd, Allied Bank Of Pakistan Ltd. National Bank has opened Branches in urban areas rural areas to mobilize savings of people. Financing of Development Projects Banks other financial institutions like ADBP, IDBP, and PICIC etc. Advances short medium terms loans for financing of the development projects both in the private public sectors . So they helping to accelerate the rate of progress (Economic) in the country. Enhancing Trade Activities The credit institutions collect the savings of people make them available for facilitating the trade activities both inside outside the country. Creating Climate for Capital Formation A developed baking system stimulates the growth of economy by creating favorable climate for capital formation in the Country. Help of State Bank of Pakistan in Achieving Monetary Publishes Commercial Banks under the supervision guidance of the S. B. P help in implementing achieving the objective of monetary policy, which vary from time to time. Assist In Planned Development Commercial Banks are profit-seeking enterprises. In order to maximize profit they have the incentive from S. B. P to maximize the limit of finance. An organized Banking system keeps balance between the liquidity * profitability, thus assists in the planed development of the Country. Profit Sharing Scheme Commercial Banks receive surplus balance of the households and business pay interest on the deposit of client. The depositors instead of having a fixed return on the deposit will share in the profit loss of the Bank. The profit loss scheme arrangement is the alternative to interest, under an Islamic economic system, which is since on the experimental basis in Pakistan. Introduction to United Bank Limited UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving you throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. Date Established November 7, 1959 Chairman His Highness Shaikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan Branches 1400 Domestic, 19 Overseas Branches (Ten countries) Representative Offices Tehran Subsidiary United Bank AG Zurich, Switzerland United National Bank Limited, UK (Joint venture with NBP) UBL Fund Managers Limited Associated Company Oman United Exchange Company, Muscat Offshore Banking Unit Export Processing Zone, EPZ Branch, Karachi, Pakistan Head Office State Life Insurance Corp. Building #1, I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi, Pakistan P. O. Box No. : 4306 Phone: (92-21) 111-825-111 Gram: UNITED Fax: (92-21) 2413492 Board of Directors ChairmanCFO Secretary Mr. Atif R. BokhariMr. Obbad Fazal Chief Executive OfficerAuditors Mr. Muhammad Ali1)KPMG Taseer Hadi co. Chartered Accountants. 2) A. F Ferguson Co. Charted Accountants Board of Directors Legal Advisor Mohsin Tayebaly CO Mr. Atif R. Bokhari Chairman/Director Mr. Mansoor KhanDirector Mr. Aameer KarachiwalaDirector Mr. Kashif ShahDirector Mr. Hassan RazaDirector Mr. Mohammad Asghar Director Mr. Ali Sameer farouquiDirector Mr. Saeed IqbalDirector Mir Muhammad AliCEO/Director Audit Committee Mr. Aameer M. Karachiwala Mr. Ali Sameer, Mr. Saeed Iqbal Hierarchy of the Management [pic] Credit Rating Credit Rating by JCR VIS Credit Rating Company Limited June 30, 08 Long Term Rating: AA +’ United Bank Limited is one of the largest Commercial Bank in Pakistan. The Banks long term rating is AA +, which denotes good credit quality. Protection factors are strong. Risk is modest but may vary slightly from time to time because of economic conditions. Short Term Rating A-1+ The short-term rating is A-1+, which denotes the highest certainty of timely payment. Short-term liquidity, including internal operating factors and / or access to alternative sources of funds, is outstanding and safety is just below risk free Government of Pakistans short-term obligations. Term Finance Certificate Rating TFC I: AA TFC II: AA TFC III: AA TFC IV: AA Business Operations [pic] Reorganization of Domestic Operation In 1986, the organizational structure of domestic operations of the bank was reformed and decentralized on the basis of provinces. As a result provincial headquarters were established at Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta in order to meet the needs of sanctioning loans and other facilities to the trade, industry and agriculture of each province. Azad Kashmir was serrated from NWFP and made separate region. The quantum of work immensely increased due to the growth of economic activities and phase of industrialization and other change in Punjab and Sindh. It was also considered necessary to improve the quality of advances and to expedite the recovery process of the loans and advances. Formation of Regional Headquarters The provincial chiefs of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Baluchistan are ceased to function and in their place nine regional chief executives started functioning in the nine major cities. The new segmentation of UBL’s branches on the basis of regions can be looked from the following: Province Wise Region Allocation Provinces |Regions | |Punjab |Islamabad | | |Lahore | | |Lahore East | | |Lahore West | | |Faisalabad | | |Multan | | |Karachi | |Sindh |Hyderabad | | Peshawar | |NWFP | | |Baluchistan |Quetta | | |MuzafarAbad | |Azad Kashmir | | Locations With an integrated network of over 1400 branches in Pakistan as well as Overseas, UBL gives direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help monitor the business locally as well as internationally. [pic] Community Services UBL is committed to the welfare of Pakistan. It lends to farmers for the purchase of tractors, superior quality seed and fertilizers. UBL further fosters the individual welfare and well being of the common man by lending house building finance and loans to set up small businesses. UBL has played a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is dedicated to the promotion of sports. Agricultural Loans Small Business Scheme UBL Computer Training Institute Staff Colleges of UBL UBL Sports Complex Agricultural Loans UBL’s agricultural loans on easy terms and conditions to small-scale land owning farmers boost the country’s economy and yield greener harvests. UBL enables farmers to buy good quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural implements. Small Business Scheme Under the Small Business Scheme, UBL is providing loans on easy terms to those who wish to set up their own small-scale business. This scheme is aimed at spreading prosperity in the country by reducing unemployment. As more and more people start their own industrial units, the country will move steadily towards economic self-reliance. UBL Computer Training Institute UBL is a pioneer in the computerization of banking in Pakistan, and now plays a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is proud to be a part of the Government’s Computer Literacy Program aimed at preparing the younger generation to meet the challenges of tomorrow. UBL, the leading user of Computer Technology in the Banking Sector has set up most modern facilities at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, and Sheikhupura for imparting training to the educated youth under the Government’s Computer Literacy Program. These centers are equipped with state of the art hardware and audio-visual aids and are manned by experienced professionals. Staff Colleges of UBL The UBL has three staff colleges, which are generating banking trained personnel. These colleges are at Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi, established in 1964, 1978 and 1977 respectively. These staff colleges are providing facilities of training to the employees of the bank so as to meeting the growing need of the banking field and coping with the changing environment of the country. UBL Sports Complex In addition to providing professional banking services, the bank continued to play an important role in the promotion of sports in the country. Towards this end, the bank has already constructed a big sports complex in Karachi, where all types of facilities for sports like cricket, hockey and flood light courts for tennis and basketball have been provided. Corporate Banking Our mission is to serve all your corporate needs and ensure your full satisfaction through product innovation, personalized banking, and top notch service. The CBG department of UBL defines corporate banking in Pakistan. Amongst the local banks UBL CBG is the pioneer in providing innovative solutions to its diversified and satisfied customer base. UBL CBG is considered to be a major player in the financial market of Pakistan. The Corporate Banking Group focuses on attracting and servicing large portfolio customers. Our forte is providing exemplary customer service using the Single Window concept and product superiority. The Relationship Management team manned by highly qualified individuals from the industry has steadily expanded our customer base and continues to enhance our cordial relations with our esteemed clients. Despite the sluggish economic growth in recent years, UBL outperformed all the other local banks in the corporate banking sector primarily due to CBGs emphasis on establishing and enhancing relationships with foreign/local blue chip and middle market customer’s thereby capturing significant market share. UBLs appetite for large exposures coupled with dedicated Structured Finance Unit, and an innovative team of professionals having extensive experience of Corporate Banking gives it the right platform to succeed in todays competitive and a demanding environment. The success of CBG has been established from the fact that UBL received the No. Euro money 2000 Best Local Bank award and recognized it to have out performed all other banks. In year 2000, UBL was also voted as the best Corporate Bank by the customers of a major foreign bank in a survey. Aggressive marketing combined with professionalism has led to an increase in UBLs market share with top corporate customers and in some cases replacing Foreign Banks. Presently, its portfolio includes the quality names in the country, which were initially confined to foreign banks only. Customer Service CBG – Offers full spectrum of services |[pic] |  | Relationship Banking This forms the pillar of our strategy as it is the primary tool towards providing you full satisfaction. Relationship Banking involves: ? Assessing and understanding customer needs ? Providing you advice on your business needs ? Helping you find viable financial solutions for your business problems ? Acting as the primary contact for you Customer Service We believe in customer retention through quality service that would encourage you to continue to bank with us your loyalty. Our UNISERVICE concept strives to attain excellence in customer service. We aim to provide total customer satisfaction through UNISERVICE, which will soon be available at our full-service branches covering: ? Trade finance ? Letters of Guarantee ? Letters of Credit Funds Transfer ? Remittances ? Bill Discounting ? Export Financing ? Credit Extension Product Range When you come to UBL, you get a full range of Products and Services to choose from: Corporate Finance ? Loan Syndication ? Structured Finance ? Term Fi nance Certificates Finance/Credit Extension ? Local Currency Facilities ? Overdrafts ? Demand Finance ? Working Capital Finance ? Import Financing ? Receivable Discounting ? Pre and Post Export Financing ? LMM Funding Trade ? Documentary Letters of Credit ? Standby Letters of Credit Guarantee ? Documentary Collection ? Funds Transfer Investment/Cash Management ? Current PLS Accounts ? Foreign Currency Cash Collection ? Utility Bill Collection ? Capital Market Hybrid Products ? FX Spot, Forwards and Hedging ? Rice/Cotton Financing for Ginners Investment Banking UBL IBG is now known as UBL Fund Manager (UFM). UFM specializes in providing innovative  and unique advice to its clients to  assist them in meeting challenges in an ever-changing market UFM consists of twelve dedicated professionals supported by over 30 relationship managers in six different locations. Rich execution experience ensures  seamless deal closures currently in the process of setting up  fund management f acilities. An active player in the market Current mandates add up to over Rs. 6 billion a healthy mixture of structuring,  advisory and project finance business either leading or participating in almost all the major TFCs Greater flexibility in deal structuring due to access to UBL’s financial resources Close liaison and top-level contacts  with Ministry of Finance, Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan,  Karachi Stock Exchange, State Bank of  Pakistan for swift execution Services [pic] Overseas UBL, with an integrated network of over 1400 branches globally, with 19 overseas locations, gives you direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help you monitor your business internationally. We have branches in: ? United States of America ? Qatar ? UAE ? Bahrain ? Republic of Yemen Off Shore banking Unit and subsidiaries in: o United Kingdom o Zurich Credit Administration section When the credit facilities are approved then work of credit administration department starts. It performs two functions: Pre-dispersal function (before advancing facility) Post-dispersal Function (after credit facility is dispersed) It keeps three sections named as: Processing Section Documentation Section MIS (Management Information System) Section Relationship managers (RM’s) bring cases from customers and present to RCAD. RM’s have direct contact with customers. Case first comes to Processing Officer who checks the necessary prudential requirements if so then case is forwarded to Risk Management Department (RMD) otherwise send back to ( RM) to fulfill necessary requirements. Risk Management Department (RMD) verifies attached documents and send back documents after risk analysis and mention how much loan is to issue (under SBP limitations). Documentation Officer verifies the originality of documents attached and finally DAC (disbursement authorization certificate) is issued to customer. MIS keeps record of the customer in computer. And customer account is opened in the UNI bank (it is also software which keeps record that how much loan the customer has availed). Under mentioned process flow diagram present the right picture. Process Flow Diagram of Loan Disbursement [pic] My Learning as an Internee [pic] My Learning in the bank I worked in credit departments Credit Department Deposits are the liabilities of bank while advances are the assets of the bank. To balance these two sides, bank attracts the current as well as prospective customers to deposit their savings by offering high rate of interest/ profit, while in order to increase its assets, bank attracts its customers by Corporate Banking Group (CBG). The Corporate Banking Group at United Bank Limited is dedicated to providing its clients the highest level of service possible. United Bank Limited is dedicated towards developing relationships with corporate clients to service their financial needs worldwide. The Corporate Banking Group manages a high quality asset portfolio being an active player in many sectors including textile, sugar, leather, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, petrochemical, power, automotive, telecommunications, oil and gas distribution, marketing and refining and fast moving consumer goods industries. United Bank Limited offers a full range of financial services to support any or every part of a customers’ business transaction. Each solution is tailored to meet their specific business objectives. Working Capital / Term Loan Corporate banking group works closely with customers to understand the dynamics of their business so that it can anticipate and serve short-term and long-term funding needs in the most efficient manner, drawing from the full range of its resources and capabilities. Small and Medium Enterprise Group SME Group strives to apply a unique blend of finance, industry and technological expertise to keep pace with dynamic markets and translating insights into solutions that meet diverse financial needs. Documents Required for Providing Credit facility All facilities whether long or short term in nature is reviewed annually to evaluate that how a borrower has performed during its most recent fiscal year. Such reviews are conducted based on written analysis. Such analysis communicates to the credit approving officers the information needed for arriving at a credit decision. A credit presentation package consists of the following documents: ? Credit Approval (CA) ? Obligor Risk Rating Form ? Basic Information Report ? Borrower Basic Fact Sheet ? Financial Spreads ? Financial Projections (For Term Financing) ? Credit Memorandum ? CIB Report checking ? Bank/Market checking Credit Approval Package (CA) CA form is a complete document in which RM describes true position of the company. This form once completed summarizes the aggregate credit risk being approved, description of individual credit lines, and details of security obtained against each line. Credit application has two parts, in the first part we define the facilities which we provide to the customer. Like ? NICF (Hypo) ? NICF (Pledge) ? LC (Letter of credit) ? LG (Letter of Guarantee) ? FE 25 Second part of credit application consist of ten contents which describes way we giving felicities to customer. Purpose of submission / synopsis of transaction ? Industry / Strategy ? Financial Analysis ? Security Support ? Probability of Default ? Sources of Repayment ? Key Risks along with mitigating factors ? Relationship Strategy ? Conclusion Approver’s Comments / Observations In each of above content we have to write clear description about the customer Borrower Basic Fact Sheet (BBFS) It’s the responsibility of relationship manager at credit department to collect as much information about custome r as possible at the time of initiation of a relationship. BBFS consist of true information about the customer, board of directors and their residential addresses. Basic information Report (BIR) It consists of industry information. If it is a group of companies, partnership or private limited then it consists its business code. It also provides actual business address, phone number, industry name etc. MIS officer consider BIR while putting informations in CARS (Credit Analysis and Reporting System) Obligor Risk Rating Form (ORR) This form enables to weigh all United Bank Limited credits regardless of type, nature, or location of the borrower. Risk ratings are assigned on an obligor level on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the highest quality risk and 10 being the lowest, classified as doubtful of recovery. Risk Ratings are assigned and approved when credit is initially extended and is updated annually. Risk rating is also reviewed immediately and accordingly adjusted, if necessary, whenever there is a material adverse event such as adverse classification of the credit facilities. Financial Spreads Purpose of this form is to meet financial analysis requirements. This form consists of five pages, which are developed on â€Å"Excel† system. A summary of financial statements is automatically generated which also provides key financial indicators, growth historic patterns, and ratio analysis. Relationship manager analyzes three years historic audited-financial statements, as well as the recent financial statements. Financial Projections Financial projections are prepared by customers, which forecast their performance in near future. Financial projections help credit department to determine the expected assets and liabilities position and cash generating ability to repay debts. Credit Memorandum Credit decisions are made on the basis of the contents presented in this document. Credit memorandum is prepared with precision and accuracy of information. A well-structured credit memorandum usually evolves around the following topics: Purpose of presenting the credit memorandum Relationship background of borrower with United Bank Limited Relationship profitability Relationship strategy Management assessment Financial Analysis Bank/Market checking These checking provide unbiased information about borrower, which is obtained, from his customers, competitors, and suppliers. Credit checking on borrower is also obtained by manager from his bank. CIB (Credit Information Bureau) Report Checking CIB report depicts that how much customer has availed exposure from different banks allover Pakistan. UBL is one of few banks of Pakistan which has centralized information reporting system i. e. CARS and CREAMS. Through CARS data is directly reported to State bank of Pakistan. State Bank carries informations from all of the banks in Pakistan and shows full exposure of the very customer in CIB report. Covenants Check-offs In term lending multiple covenants, financial as well as qualitative, are imposed by lenders. At the time of annual review of the term facilities it is checked that if borrower adheres to these covenants. Steps involve in Credit advancement process includes: Customer relationship (customer must open current account with the bank) Customer’s facility request Credit application Facility offer Types of Loans Basic purpose of credit department is the advancement of loans to its customers. Loans are basically of two types: Funded Facilities In funded facilities bank’s cash is physically involved. Funded facilities include: Running Finance Term Finance Finance against Bill Purchased (FBP) ? FBP (Own Acceptance Purchase) ? FAFB (Finance against Foreign Bill) ? Export Refinance Part-I SBP (pre-shipment) ? Export Refinance part-I SBP (Post-shipment) Export Refinance part-II (SBP) ? Forced Acceptance ? FIM (Finance against Imported Merchandise) ? FATR (Finance against Trust Receipt) ? Dollar Financing (Pre-shipment) Non-Funded Facility In non-funded facility bank’s cash is not physically involved. Non-Funded facilities include: o Sight L/C o Usance L/C o Acceptance o Gu arantee (L/G) Term Finance It’s a long-term finance facility, which is acquired to purchase fixed assets of a business. Customer borrows from bank a fixed amount repayable either in periodic installments or in lump sum at a fixed future time. Utilization of term finance decreases with the payment of installments. Payment tenor ? I year Over 1 year ? 1-5 years Syndicate Financing Such financing is used to finance some mega project. Equity of the firm is considered when providing this type of financing. The credit-requesting firm must maintain its 40% equity. To meet remaining capital requirements the firm signs a syndicate in which three or four banks jointly finance the project. One of these banks will be the leading bank, which contributes major portion of financing. So the leading bank has the major share in the installment amount received from the borrower. Money Market Deal It’s term finance. This type of financing is between banks. Different banks interact with on e another. If a bank has more over night funds available, which are not in use, then banks offer different rates to lend or to acquire those extra funds. Finance against Foreign Bills (FAFB) When the exporter needs finance before the payment date, he can give the bill of exchange to the negotiating bank and get the finance against that bill. In this case the bill is given as security. Ownership is not transferred to the bank. FAFB is the post -shipment finance. Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP) When the bank purchases the bills then ownership/title of security is transferred to the bank. So the bills become the property of the bank. Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM) This type of finance is related with sight L/C. in this type of finance, the goods imported are taken by the importer’s bank as the security. As the demand for goods arise, the importer get the units of goods according to the demand from bank and pays markup and amount for that much amount of goods. Finance against Trust Receipt It is also related with sight L/C. when the goods arrive at the port, then in order to release the goods, the importer needs documents. If the importer has not yet made payments then the importer’s bank gets a Trust Receipt signed by the importer for the time period for which the bank, for releasing the goods, gives the documents to him. It’s a strong legal document. If the importer refuses to make payment after getting his goods, then the bank against him can take a strict legal action. Collateral/Securities Collateral is the amount of assets the applicant has available for use in securing the credit. The larger the amount of the available assets, the greater the chance that a bank will recover its funds if the applicant defaults, A review of the applicant’s balance sheet and any legal claims filed against the applicant’s assets can be used to evaluate the collateral. Types of Securities Pledge Pledge is the advancement of loans against the security of current assets i. e. inventory, trade receivables. In this type of security the ownership and possession of the security is with the bank. Mortgage In this type of security, the credit is given against immovable property i. e. land, building. Bank has the right to sell the property if the payment is not made. Types of Mortgage English Mortgage Equitable Mortgage Token Registered Mortgage Full Registered Mortgage English Mortgage In this type of mortgage the mortgagor (applicant) binds himself to repay the mortgage money on a certain date, and transfers the mortgage property absolutely to the bank. The banks will re-transfer both the possession and ownership of that property upon the payment of the mortgage money. Full Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage the applicant will fully registered his property. More commission is charged in this case. Token Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage, small portion of the property will be registered with the registrar office while the remaining will be equitable mortgage. In this way less commission will be charged. Equitable Mortgage In this type of mortgage, the bank will take all the title deeds from registrar office. A memorandum of â€Å"Deposit of title deeds† is signed by the mortgagor in whom he mentions that he is giving his property as the security to the bank. After the bank takes title deeds there will be no copy of the title deeds with the registrar. In case of equitable mortgage the ownership is with bank and possession is with customer. Bank’s Lien Lien is the banks right to withheld property until the claim on the property is paid. In lien the borrower remains the owner of the property while the possession is with the bank. Bank has no right to sell the property. Hypothecation It’s a legal transaction in which the goods may be taken as security for a debt without transferring either property or possession to the lender. It’s a security against current assets. Security is granted by means of the letter of hypothecation. Charge Charge is the right of payment out of certain property. Charge gives the right of pledge, hypothecation, mortgage and lien. Banks have to register their charge/right with SECP (Securities and Exchange Commission Pakistan). SECP maintains the records of all the companies i. e. what are the assets of companies, their board of directors. Every limited company keeps its records with SECP Charge involves ranking. Pari Passu In ranking if the customer (company) has already taken loans from other banks then SECP ranks those banks. The settlement of the loan amount will be done according to the ranking of the banks. In case of Pari Passu the bank from which the customer is going to get facility is ranked equivalent to the first/highest priority bank. in this case the priorities of other banks will decrease. For this the customer has to obtain NOC (No Objection Certificate) from other banks. Guarantees A guarantee is the promise by one person, called the guarantor, to another for answering the present or future debts of a second person called the principal debtor. Types of Guarantees UNITED BANK LIMITED issues the following types of guarantees depending on the needs of the customers: ? Tender Guarantees (Bid bonds) ? Performance Guarantees ? Advance Payment Guarantees ? Financial Guarantees Letter of Credit International trade involves numerous factors such as payment for imports in the exporter’s country, shipment of goods within the limitations prescribed and difficulties of enforcing legal rights in the foreign country etc. Therefore, to overcome these impediments a system has been enforced, this system is represented by ‘Letter of Credit. The letter of credit is today the foremost way of financing international trade. In simple words, a letter of credit (L/C) can be defined as: â€Å"A bank’s written undertaking given to the exporter for payment of a certain sum of money on behalf of the importer provided the exporter tenders to the bank, or its overseas agents, the specified documents within a specified period in accordance with the terms of the undertaking†. There are four basic parties involved in an L/C: ? Importer ? Issuing Bank ? Exporter (Beneficiary) ? Beneficiary’s Bank Advantages of an L/C Following are some of the main advantages of a letter of credit: Since a letter of credit is opened only for the importers with established credit standing, the exporter is sure of receiving the price of his commodity and there is no need to check the credibility of the importer. An exporter may obtain necessary finance immediately on shipment under a letter of credit (through negotiation, OD Buying). A letter of credit may help the importer to meet its financial difficulties. He may obtain some finances against the L/C (as FIM, FATR etc. ). Similarly, an L/C enables the exporter to obtain finances from his bank, for the operations of production even before shipment (e. g. Pre-shipment finance). Forms of a Letter of Credit Revocable L/C â€Å"A revocable letter of credit may be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank at any moment, without prior notice to the beneficiary†. This form of letter of credit gives the buyer maximum facility but it places the seller in difficult position when the goods are in transit and the credit is revoked before the documents are presented and payment has not been made on presentation which is the cause of great loss to the seller. Irrevocable L/C â€Å"An irrevocable credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to accept and pay the bills drawn upon it so long as the terms and conditions stipulated in the letter are fulfilled†. This form of letter of credit can be amended or cancelled only with the agreement of all parties to it. Therefore, it gives the seller complete protection. In Pakistan, all banks including united Bank are permitted to open irrevocable L/C’s only. Confirmed Unconfirmed L/C’s A confirmed credit is the one that has been confirmed by the advising bank. By confirming a credit, the bank agrees to take the liability of making payment to the seller if the issuing bank defaults for any reason. â€Å"When an issuing bank authorizes or requests another bank to confirm its irrevocable credit and the latter has added its confirmation, such confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of such bank (the confirming bank), in addition to that of issuing bank, provided the stipulated documents are presented and that the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with. † Whereas, an unconfirmed credit is one that exclusively depends upon the issuing bank’s obligation. The parties to the present day international trade transactions prefer a confirmed irrevocable credit because it is an instrument of highest quality which ensures the payment to the seller by the advising bank while the buyer is assured of receiving the documents of title to goods, as specified in the terms of credit. Types of a Letter Of Credit There are two main types of an L/C that are being practiced. Sight L/C â€Å"If the beneficiary of a credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is a Sight Credit†. In this form of credit the exporter draws a sight or demand draft (DD) payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit. The draft (bill of exchange) is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of the credit have been complied with. Usance L/C When a credit stipulates payment to the beneficiary upon the maturity of a bill of exchange drawn under the terms of the credit, it is an ‘acceptance credit’, ‘terms credit’ or Usance credit†. In this form of credit the beneficiary draws a draft for a particular Usance (e. g. 30, 60 or 90 days etc. ), payable upon either the correspondent bank or the issuing bank. In normal practices, UBL opens Sight L/C’s because in Sight L/C the importer first pays the L/C amount (invoice price) to the issuing bank and then gets the possession of documents. So the bank becomes secure in this way. L. C keeps Performa invoice which keep major essentials in bullets forms. Performa Invoice Its essential elements are written as; ? Seller company name Buyer company name ? Buyer and seller company’s bank’s names ? Commodity ? Quantity ? Unit price ? Total price ? Payment procedures ? Delivery ? Port of loading ? Port of destination ? L. C beneficiary (must be seller) ? Amount and quantity with percentage of error ? L. C expiry date ? L. C opening date ? L. C must be opened before expiry date ? Vessel ( ship’s name) Qualifications for an Importer to Get an L/C Issued A Letter of Credit cannot be opened on behalf of a person unless he fulfills the following requirements: ? The person must be an account holder of UBL. ? No person can be an importer without first being registered with EPB. So the person must have valid import registration with Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) of Pakistan. This registration is not necessary for those who have been exempted from it. ? The person must process a valid membership certificate of Trade Organization, licensed and recognized by Federal Government like a Chamber of Commerce. ? The person must possess a valid NTN (National Tax No. ) certificate. ? The person must have the Sales Tax Registration Certificate. ? Obtaining of Import License is no more required. Stock Reports Stock reports are sent by the external auditors which are registered evaluators to UBL. They evaluate stock of the company lying in the godowns. They give final words whether these following essentials are up-to-date. Fire extinguishers ? Stock replacement ? Godown condition ? Guard residence permanent or not ? Stock condition ? Tagging over the stock ? Evaluation of stock in terms of million rupee ? Insurance against fire and burglary MIS officer check these report s and inspect whether these amounts mentioned in the stock reports are according to the security issued. If above mentioned any thing is not up-to-date. Then the stock report is considered unsatisfactory and debit is blocked till the company corrects its unsatisfactory items. I separated the reports which keep the unsatisfactory items. CREAMS (Credit Risk Environment’s Administration Management System) UBL is from few Pakistani Banks which keeps centralized information system. CREAMS is one of them. CREAM is highly customizable and parameterizes able software. CREAM is developed with the ideology that it can operate in all parts of the world. Certainly there are different operational, monitoring and regulatory requirements depending upon the region where the bank is operating. Further more; a single bank may operate in more than one region of the world. Parameterization lets CREAM behave according to the requirement of the region. This customization is a one time initiative and once CREAM has the requisite information, it will behave according to the bank’s requirement. This section will explain the all CREAM setup screens one by one. It must be noted the once the Parameterization phase is completed by bank then bank must lock this section. That is only authorized person (Mostly Credit Head) can enter to this section, not every one who is using CREAM application. All the Screens below have some common buttons which is going to be explaining here once with their short cut keys. Action Buttons Add Button (Alt + A): Used to add a new record Edit Button (Alt + E): Used to edit an existing record. Delete Button (Alt + D): Used to delete a record Cancel Button (Alt + C): Used to cancel a ongoing action of add, edit. Navigation Buttons First Button (Alt+F): Used to see First record. Next Button (Alt+N): Used to see the next record of the existing opened record Previous Button (Alt+P): Used to see the previous record of existing opened record. Last Button (Alt+L): Used to see the last record. Print Button: Exit (Alt+X): Used to exit from the current screen. If any one of action buttons (ADD / Edit / Delete) is disable on any screen then it means that the user don’t have a right of that action. Working of CREAMS Its working is mainly divided into three parts ? Part-1(Setup( Parameterization) Section ? Part-II( Post Granting Section ? Part-III( Transaction Section Part-1(Setup (Parameterization) Section) This part consist of many set ups but most prominent are country, region, branch, currency, about credit policy, Collateral setup etc. About Document Linkage Screen Path: Setup(Documentation(Document Linkage Screen It is the main screen we define that against which entity (like Facility, collateral) which document we require. It depends on the bank’s policy and varies from bank to bank. For example if a bank says that for the facility â€Å"FE-25, they require the document â€Å"Dollar Demand Promissory Note†. For this We Use the following screen to link the Document Dollar Demand Promissory note† against the Facility â€Å"FE-25†. This Screen is used to Link a Document against the Following entities. ? Legal Status (Also Called Customer Type) ? Facility ? Collateral ? General [pic] Field Name |Description | |Document Name |Not Given by user here. Populated here from Document Setup | | |(Setup(Documentation Setup(Document Setup. ). select the document fro m the | | |list | |Critical |If the disbursement is not possible without receiving this document then | | |marks it as a critical here. |Legal status |If a document required against the legal status (Customer type like | | |Public Limited company) of a customer then select the type as Legal | | |status. When we select the legal Status then it will show the entire type| | |name on the right. So from there the user have to select the type name. | |Facility |If a document required against the Facility then select the type as | | |Facility. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |facilities on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Facility name | |Collateral |If a document required against the Collateral then select the type as | | |Collateral. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |Collaterals on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Collateral name | |General |If there is a general type of document then select it as general. | |Linkage Action(insertion |It means the document is required only once. | |Linkage Action(renewal |Do you u need this document on renewal of customer if yes then also | | |select it. |Linkage Action(Enhanced |Do you need this document on Enhancement if yes then select it also | |Linkage-(Manual Insertion |Tick this check box of if you want manually insert this document | |Linkage Action (OTT |Do you need any document on OTT if yes then also select it. | About Collateral Set up: Path: Setup( Parameters (Collateral( Collateral Type Screen Here we can add a new collateral accordingly banks requirement. Collateral is an extra comfort obtained by a bank from its customers requesting funded or unfounded facility from a bank. Collaterals are usually valued asset which the customer hands over to the Bank as an assurance for the Bank in case of a ny default. [pic] [pic] Part-II( Post Granting Section This section contains much more setup but two more important are customer setup and facility set up. Which are as follow: Path: Post Granting( Customer Setup [pic] Path: Post granting ( Approval Package ( Approved Facilities [pic] Part-III( Transaction Section When the User will select the action of Extension or Extending Current Expiry of an Approval Effects of this Action Current Expiry in Approval Record screen will be changed to New Expiry which you will enter using this screen. [pic] |Field |Description | |Action Taken |Extension | |Approval Authority |Selection of the Name of Approval Authority | |Action Date |Date on which Approval Action is performed on this Approval | |Approval Action Code |Its an informative field | |Action Description |User can provide any extra information related to this transaction | |Approval Current Expiry] Old Expiry |CREAM will retrieve its Current Expiry from the database | |New Expiry Date |User will provide new expiry date | View of the Screen When Action is blocked [pic] Field |Description | |Action On Facility |Select the action from the drop down menu list as â€Å" Blocked† | |Action Date |The date of action. | |Action Description |Give description if any about this action | |Customer Facility Action Code |An informative field | |Facility Name Description |An informative Filed. It will show the Name of Facility and its | | |Description . Comes here from Customer Facility Screen. | About Document Transaction Screen Path: Transaction ( General ( Documentation Transaction User can do the following actions against the documents which we have already defined against the entities Customer type, Collateral Type, Facility General [pic] CREAMS is very wide software and can’t be explained in short with full understanding. These snap shots show its major features. CARS (Credit Analysis Reporting System) Consumer blue forms are generated for individual and sole proprietorship accounts. I worked in CARS (business software). At initial stage, I worked over consumer blue forms and entered consumer record in the software. I was assigned work to enter record of various customers in the software and I fulfilled my duty diligently. Following details should be entered in the software. If single of them is missing, blue form is considered incomplete keeping insufficient data; ? New and old NIC ? Gender ? Customer and his/her father/husband name ? Date of birth ? Home address ? Business name and address ? Security which is to be pledged Account Tagging Account tagging is also a part of CARS. Parties which have availed loan facility from UBL are tagged in CARS with their specific accounts. In UBL indiviual and sole proprietor account is tagged with 6160777. While partnership, public and private limited accounts are tagged with State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provided group and subgroup codes. Templates are provided by UBL from which we could check whether the account comes under indiviual or private limited option. After confirming from templates account is tagged under their respective heads. RM’s (Relationship Managers) when record informations of customers, they wrongly put the account numbers of the customers as; ? Tagged with tetra eight ? Tagged without tetra eight ? Wrongly tagged ? Indiviual ? Final tagged RM’s (Relationship Managers) some times due to negligence mention account numbers in above mentioned ways. The above mentioned account’s informations are as Tagging with Tetra eight As RM’s (Relationship Managers) by negligence, some times tag the accounts with tetra eight i. e. account number is shown as (8888). It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Tagging without Tetra eight RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes mentiuon account without tetra eight (8888) and keep them blank or untagged. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Wrongly Tagged: RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes wrongly tag the account. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Indiviual RM’s (Relationship Managers) mention the account by individual’s account which is tagged by (6160777) in UBL. It is to tag indiviual and sole proprietorships by 6160777. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Final Tag When the account is tagged, it is final account and confirmed. There is no need to review but it may be that mistake is made in tagging. FRN Tagging FRN is a number which is made by joining branch number with account number. i. e. if account number is 3457896 and account is opened in branch number 28 then its FRN number will be 283457896. Each customer is also tagged with FRN number. Report Viewing CARS have also option to view many reports like account tagging summary, blue form, central liability report etc. Most common report is blue form. After construction of blue form its report is viewed and prints out is taken for record. Product, Solutions and Services [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] UBL Wallet [pic] UBL Wallet ATM / Debit Card is all the convenience security you desire and the quality you deserve. This Wallet holds all the cash in your bank account. With UBL Wallet you can withdraw cash at ATMs any time, or make cashless purchases at outlets through the Debit Card facility. With no joining fee and an accompanying complimentary cardholder for your convenience, UBL Wallet has been designed to exhibit the best in features and facilities, as well as look feel. Because at UBL, you come first UBLs dedicated staff is at your service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can call our contact centre at 0800-11-825 (Toll-Free), or you can simply pick up the telephone placed next to every UBL ATM and be instantly connected to our customer service representative via a hotline Online Banking [pic] With UBL’s state of the art online banking, you can access your account from more than 350 branches located in 71 cities across Pakistan. Your account gets to travel with you and can be accessed throughout Pakistan, Now UBL enables you to do all the following Transactions in minutes through designated online branches. Salient features of online banking are: ? Cash Deposit ? Cheques Encashment ? Stop Payment ? Account Statement ? Funds Transfer (Account to account / IBCA) UBL Credit Card UBL Credit Card Features Welcome to the world of UBL Credit Cards. Pakistan’s 1st Chip Credit Card that guarantees you both enjoyment and high value. It assures you global acceptability in more than 22 million establishments worldwide in 130 countries and in more than 12, 000 outlets within Pakistan The UBL Credit Card †¦.. Mazay Mein Raho. ? This unique high tech CHIP guarantees your security while conducting transactions within Pakistan and around the world. CHIP based credit cards have proven to be the most secure way of conducting credit card transactions globally. ? No more tedious points to accumulate or boring catalogues to redeem from. Win your prizes instantly! ? Visit selected UBL Chip Reward outlets and get exciting gifts on the spot. The more you visit, the more you get. All you do is dip the Chip to win free meals, free household goods, free electronic items, free clothes and a lot more. ? A Choice of Rewards Along with exciting Chip Rewards you has a choice between Free Road Miles and Free Talk Time. ? Spend Rs 5000 anywher e on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 3 liters petrol free from any PSO outlet nationwide. If you spend more, you get more. So keep driving, keep smiling. [pic] Spend Rs 5000 anywhere on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 30 minutes free. What’s more, you get a free Mobilink Postpaid Connection with your UBL Credit Card. If you spend more, you get more minutes. So talk freely, stay connected. [pic] UBL Business Partner [pic] UBL Business partner†¦ a complete solution to all your Business Financing needs, With UBL Business Financing facility, you can now take your business to greater and newer heights, and achieve the level of success that you truly deserve. UBL Business partner is a running Finance facility that not only provides funds for growth but also enables you to capitalize on profitable opportunities. With UBL Business partner, now you will surely say: Ab Hui †¦ Kamiyaabi Meri Manzill. What is Business partner? â€Å"It is a ‘Credit Line/ OD Facility’ against Residential Property. It is an evergreen credit line that the customer can use for his/her business expansion† TezRaftaar [pic] Free Doorstep Remitta

Aspects of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aspects of Psychology - Essay Example Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the "good" traits than the "bad" traits. A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish or the abrogation of the child's ego: paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life. Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. In the Egocentrism in Older Adu... The child feels guilt over the goals contemplated and the acts initiated in exuberant enjoyment of new locomotors and mental powers. The castration complex occurring in this stage is due to the child's erotic fantasies. A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish or the abrogation of the child's ego: paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life. After Stage 3, one may use the whole repertoire of previous modalities, modes, and zones for industrious, identity-maintaining, intimate, legacy-producing, despair-countering purposes. Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority To bring a productive situation to completion is an aim which gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. The fundamentals of technology are developed To lose the hope of such "industrious" association may pull the child back to the more isolated, less conscious familial rivalry of the Oedipal time The child can become a conformist and thoughtless slave whom others exploit. Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (or "Diffusion") The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. The inability to settle on a school or occupational identity is disturbing.